Sunflower

Helianthus annuus

Sunflower Habitat and cultivation

Sunflower - tall, striking annual with a stout, rough, hairy stem from 1-3m (3-10ft). The rough-textured leaves are broad with coarsely serrated edges and have prominent veins. The familiar bright yellow flowers have honeycomb like brownish centers composed of small tubular flowers that ripen into the familiar pale greyish seeds.

The botanical name Helianthus means flower (anthos) of the Sun (helios), a reference to the round yellow heads that resemble the sun's disk surrounded by rays. The flower heads are also supposed to rotate so that they always turn towards the sun, hence sunflower's Spanish and French names girasol and tournesol. In ancient Peru, where the flower is thought to have originated, the sun-worshipping Incas regarded the sunflower as the emblem of their sun god. Sunflower headdresses were worn by the Inca priestesses and, flowers wrought in gold adorned the Inca temples of the sun.

Sunflower seeds yield a pale yellow oil that has a high percentage of unsaturated fats. Sunflower oil has a milder taste than olive oil, and it is thought to be healthier for the arteries than butter on account of its low saturated fat content. In recent years, sunflower oil margarine has become a popular alternative to butter. In Spain sunflower seeds are roasted in their shells and enjoyed as a snack. They are rich in vitamins B1, B3, and B6 and are also made into a nutritious spread, available from health food stores. All parts of the sunflower are useful: the leaves make good cattle fodder, while the fibrous stems were once used to make paper. The young flower buds can also be boiled and eaten like artichokes.

Medicinally, sunflower seeds have expectorant and diuretic properties and were once considered beneficial for colds, coughs and bronchitis. The leaves and flowers, which have weak insecticidal properties, were thought to offer some protection against malaria, and a poultice of the fresh leaves was a Russian folk remedy for fevers.

Sow seeds in boxes under glass and transfer seedlings to pots. Harden off and plant out in deep, well-mannered soil 60cm (2ft) apart with a tall stick for support. Choose a sunny position with shelter from strong winds.

HABITAT AND CULTIVATION

Sunflower - native to Central America, probably originating in Peru. Introduced into North America, the Mediterranean, eastern Europe, and the former USSR. Widespread commercial cultivation in countries including Italy, the USA, Hungary, Rumania, and Argentina. Grown as a garden ornamental.