Pear is a fruit belonging to the genus Pyrus and hence, it has been scientifically christened as Pyrus communis. This fruit has a luscious flavour and belongs to the rose family having relation with the apples.
In all likelihood, the English term 'pear' has been derived from Common West Germanic 'pera', while the name of the place Perry hints to the chronological presence of pear trees. The pear is categorized into sub-tribe Pyrinae within the tribe Pyreae.
The apple is also a member of this sub-category. Generally speaking, there are about 30 different main species, foremost sub-species and naturally occurring inter-specific hybrids of pears.
Usually, pears have a big encompassing base that gets thinner towards the top. The skin of pears varies in color - yellowish, brown, green, red or having a mishmash of two or additional colors dependent on the type of the fruit.
By and large, whenever we think of pears, it conjures the image of a bell-shaped fruit, but there are some varieties of this fruit that are round-shaped resembling apples.
As in the case of apples, the core of pears also encloses several seeds. In other words, some varieties of pears roughly have the same dimension and features of apples with a number of seeds in the center.
The fruit has a whitish-yellow hued flesh or tissue that is succulent and has a gently sweet flavour. The flesh of some varieties of pears is also grainy in form.
By and large, all varieties of pears enclose iron, but some varieties of the fruit enclose more iron compared to others.
That pears contain substantial amounts of iron is evident from the fact that when a pear is cut and left unattended for some time, it becomes brownish.
In case a cut pear does not turn brown on cutting, it denotes that this particular variety of the fruit contains minimum amount of iron or does not enclose any iron at all.
People have been cultivating pears in cool climatic places since time immemorial and there is sufficient proof of the fact that this sweet tasting fruit has been utilized as a food from the time when the primeval era existed.
It is important to note that several hints relating to this fact have been discovered in the lake-dwellings in Switzerland.
While the term 'pear' or something corresponding to it is still found in all the Celtic dialects, different terms are used to denote the fruit in Slavonic and other languages.
However, all these terms in different languages talk about an identical item that is present in a diverse and multiple classifications that had prompted Alphonse de Candolle to conclude that in the primeval period people cultivated a type of tree in the region that extended from the coastal regions of the Caspian Sea to the Maritimes of the Atlantic Ocean.
In Odyssey VII Homer wrote that pears were cultivated in the magnificent orchards of Alcinous, also known as the 'King of Panacea' in Greek mythology.
Describing the pears orchards, Homer had written that the pear, pomegranate and apple trees cultivated in the orchard of Alcinous were tall and lush green bearing fruits all through the year. He further wrote that these fruits neither fell nor perished during winter or summer.
In fact, although the Romans also cultivated pears, they did not eat the fruits raw. In his book 'Natural History', Pliny, the Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, wrote about three dozen varieties of pears and suggested that pears should be consumed after simmering them with honey.
In addition, the Roman culinary book that is attributed to Apicius De re coquinaria includes a recipe for a spiced stewed-pear patina also known as soufflé.
It is believed that a specific type of pears whose leaves are white underneath have derived from P. nivalis and this variety of the fruit is mainly made use of by the French to prepare perry.
In addition, smaller sized pears as well as those resembling apples ripen comparatively early and are also referred to the P. cordata - a species of the fruit that grows naturally in the western region of France and is also widespread in Cornwall and Devonshire.
On the eastern side of the globe, pears are known to have been grown in China for around 3000 years now. This genus of the fruit is said to be indigenous to the modern western China on the slopes of the mountain range in Central Asia called Tian Shan.
From there, this variety of pears has reached the northern and southern regions with the length of the mountain chains. Later, this variety changed into a varied group of more than 20 commonly familiar primary species of pears.
It is believed that the vast assortment of the pears grown in Europe, such as Pyrus communis, sub-species communis, have certainly originated from one or two natural sub-species of the fruit, including P. communis, sub-species and P. communis sub-species caucasia, and were later spread all over Europe.
At times, trees of these originally wild varieties of pears form a portion of the normal vegetation of the forests in the region.
It is interesting to note that a very old pear tree gave its name to Pirio or Perry Barr, a district in Birmingham in England, in Domesday. Most people in England occasionally believe that the fruit is uncultivated, but this perception may not be correct.
It is possible that the variety of pears in England owes its origin to the seed of some cultivated variety that may perhaps been transported by birds or come by some other means and later germinated as a wild variety of trees that bears spines.
Documents available from the court of King Henry III of England verify that pears were shipped from Rochelle by the Sheriffs of London who gifted the fruits to the King.
In fact, the French names of a number of varieties of pears cultivated in the gardens in England during the medieval period hint that the fruits had a certain status in France. A favourite selection of the fruit was named for Saint Rule or Regul', who was the then bishop of Senlis.
The species' of pears grown in Asia usually range between medium to large sized fruits and include P. ussuriensis, P. pyrifolia, P. x sinkiangensis, P. x bretschneideri and P. pashia.
Some other varieties of the fruit that are usually smaller in size are often utilized as rootstocks for growing cultivated varieties.
The most common types of pears that are available in the market include varieties such as:
As discussed earlier, the pear is a sweet tasting fruit related to and sometimes resembling apples. Usually, pears are of the same size as apples and like apples, enclose numerous seeds in the center.
However, there is one specific distinction between apples and pears. Unlike apples, pears have very thin skins and are easier to peel. The skin of pears differ in their color - varying from green, yellow, red, brown and also combinations of one or more of these hues.
The fleshy tissues of pears have a light yellowish color and they are usually succulent, sweet and also placid. While the surface of most varieties of pears is supple and fatty, some other varieties of the fruit have a grainy texture.
While most of us believe pears to be bell-shaped, actually some varieties of the fruit have a round shape almost like the apple.
It may be noted that amongst the different varieties of pears, the type of fruit cultivated in China - Chinese pear - is said to possess the maximum therapeutic properties. However, all other varieties of pears also have their own nutritional and remedial values.
Pears offer plenty of nourishments or dietary benefits. While, depending on the variety of the fruit, they generally contain varying levels of iron, pears are also a superb resource of dietary fiber that is soluble in water.
In addition, chemical analysis of pears has established that the fruit also contains several vitamins - vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, C, E, and folic acid.
This fruit also contains high levels of a number of essential minerals like phosphorus, copper and potassium and traces of chlorine, calcium, sodium, magnesium and sulfur.
A number of varieties of pears also contain more amounts of iron compared to other varieties. When a pear turns brown on cutting, it is evidence of the fact that this variety of the fruit contains considerable amounts of iron.
However, if it does not become brownish on cutting, it denotes that the particular variety of pear either contains an insignificant amount of iron or does not have it at all.
Pears have a number of health benefits and primary among them is the fruit's hypo-allergic properties. Many healthcare providers suggest people to consume pears as the fruit has a high content of dietary fiber, but does not contain any element that might provoke an allergic reaction.
In fact, the juice of the fruit may be given to infants for it is not only nourishing, but also mild and is effective in maintaining good health. Some of the different health benefits of pears are listed below:
Cinnamon-scented pear tart is one of the most delicious autumn desserts. It is quite simple to prepare, but you do need to devote some time to it.
A much quicker, but no less tasty version of this dish is pears baked under crumble. Be sure to serve them hot, with a scoop of vanilla ice cream!
Combine the ingredients for the crumble in a bowl - flour, sugar and diced butter. Rub with your fingers to create crumble lumps (do not knead). Refrigerate for at least an hour.
Wash the pears. Peel and remove the cores. Cut the fruit into pieces and sprinkle with lemon juice.
Melt the cane sugar in a pan. When it starts to caramelize, add the pears and butter. Fry the pears for a while – until they are covered in caramel.
Mix the pears with the almond flakes and the seeds scraped from the vanilla pod. Season with cinnamon and ginger. Transfer to an ovenproof dish (one large or several smaller ones). Sprinkle with the cooled crumble.
Put the pears under the crumble in the oven preheated to 180°C. Bake for about 30 minutes - until the crumble is golden brown and the pears are soft.